I am busy with my nursery school and
secondary school as we have hired the buildings. Please
I need your prayers. so we can build our own buildings.
About the plot for construction we have six acres in
Makambako town and 30 acres about 18kms out of Makambako
township. Please share our need to you friends.
And we welcome any body who wants to come and visit us
including you and your family.
Sincerely,
Rev. Danrod Gadau
PO Box 459
Makambako, Tanzania
East Africa
How the Program works...
Food sales and
distribution are handled by church host sites. Orders and payments are collected
by the host sties during the first part of each month. Check the
Angel Food Ministries
web site for the location on your local distribution
point and the available
menu for the month. This project is sponsored by the
United Methodist Men.
Contact
Larry Grossmanfor Stone Mountain orders.
eBlessings Outreach
Partners.
Numerous organizations,
which have a social and community focus, partner with eBlessings. In Rwanda, we
network with HOSTA, Mission Puissance de la parole MPP, Good Samaritan Christian
Association, Association of Pentecostal Churches; in Liberia, Children for
Christ Ministries International, Victory Assembly Church, Liberian Refugee Camp,
Liberian Children Educational Rescue Foundation; Life in Glory Apostolic
Christian Center; in Ethiopia, East African Sisters for Charities, Full Gospel
Church; in India, Jesus Gospel Outreach Ministries, Light of Hope Association,
Jesus Christ Prayer Church, Four Corners Ministries, Jesus Love Ministries;
in Ivory Coast,
Evangelic Church of Revelation, Mission International
Canaan Grace et Benediction.
I
n Kenya,
Jesus Praise Centre Church, Living in Victory International Ministries; in
Gambia, Glory World Outreach Ministries; in Lome-Togo, Pentecostal Mission of
the Christian Fraternity of Togo; in Burkina Faso, Assembly Church of God; in
Myanmar, Four Corners Ministries; in South Africa, Free Gospel Fire Ministry,
His Centre Praise & Worship Cathedral, Tower of Grace Worship Center; in
Nigeria, Gospel Missionary Foundation, Revival Valley Ministries, Healing
Banquet Ministries, Laughter Foundation Christian Ministry, Turningpoint
Ministries, Christ Tower Bible Church, The Word Of Righteousness Ministries
International; in Zambia, Shalom Bible College; in Zimbabwe, Greater Bibleway
Gospel Church; in Ghana, Success Life Ministries, Hope Assemblies Of God;
in Congo, Yahwe Jire Church and in
Tanzania,
Save the Nation Foundation (SANAFO).
These
organizations, most all of which are Christian church-based, represent men and
women who live lives dedicated to the service of others. They are currently
giving social assistance in the communities in which they live and are therefore
positioned physically and organizationally to administer available resources. It
is eBlessings position not to administer any funding until an executive board
member visits the facilities, children, and families who we seek to assist
through these organizations.
BULGARIA
Bulgaria, officially the
Republic of Bulgaria is a country in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black
Sea to the east, Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and the Republic of
Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north, mostly along the Danube.
Bulgaria is today an active member of NATO. Bulgarian culture is a mix mostly of
Thracian, Slavic and Bulgar cultures, but there are Byzantine, Turkish, Greek,
Roma (Gypsy) and other influences.
Northern Bulgaria attained
autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire
in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell
within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946.
Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty
election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward
political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation,
unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today, reforms and democratization has
allowed Bulgaria to integrate into the EU, European Union.
Burkina Faso
is a landlocked nation in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries:
Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo and
Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the south west. Independence from
France came in 1960. Governmental instability during the 1970s and 1980s was
followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Several hundred
thousand farm workers migrate south every year to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana in
search of paid labour. Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the
world. Lack of work causes a high rate of emigration: for example, three
million people from Burkina Faso live in Côte d'Ivoire. According to the
Central Bank of Western African States, these migrants send tens of billions
of CFA francs back to Burkina Faso each year.
Since the 1967 expulsions from
Ghana, this situation has provoked tensions in the destination countries.
The most recent crisis occurred owing to the events of 2003 in Côte
d'Ivoire, which led to the return of 300,000 migrants. A large part of the
economic activity of the country is funded by international aid. Burkina
Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou, better
known by its French name as SIAO, Le Salon International de L Artisanat de
Ouagadougou, one of the most important African handicraft fairs.
Chad,
officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country
in central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan
to the east, the Central African Republic to the south,
Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the
west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely
desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as
the "dead heart of Africa". In the north, it contains
the Tibesti Mountains, the largest mountain chain in the
Sahara desert.
Chad's primarily agricultural economy is being boosted
by major oilfield and pipeline developments that began
in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's population continues to rely
on subsistence farming and stock raising for its
livelihood. Cotton, and, in a far lesser measure, cattle
and gum arabic, have, until recently, provided the bulk
of Chad's export earnings.
Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its
landlocked position, poor internal communications, high
energy costs, scarce water resources and a history of
instability.
Côte
d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), officially the Republic of Côte
d'Ivoire, is a country in West Africa. It borders
Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to
the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to
the south. Once one of the most prosperous of the
tropical West African states, its economy has been
undermined by political turmoil and civil war.
Consequently the country has been divided for the past
four years, while the United Nations, France and South
African President Thabo Mbeke of the African Union have
worked with Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo and
leadership of the "Rebel Forces" to try to negotiate a
peace deal, but without success, leading to four years
of "no peace, no war," which has undermined the
country's economy.
Maintaining close ties to France since independence in 1960,
diversification of agriculture for export, and encouragement of foreign
investment, has made Côte d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical
African states. However, in recent years Côte d'Ivoire has been subject to
greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for their
primary agricultural crops coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal
corruption, makes life difficult for the grower and those exporting into foreign
markets.
The
Democratic Republic of the Congo, also often referred to as DRC, RDC, DR Congo,
Congo or Congo-Kinshasa, and formerly as Zaire, is a nation in Central Africa
and the third largest country on the continent. It borders the Central African
Republic and Sudan on the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania on the
east, Zambia and Angola on the south, and the Republic of the Congo on the west.
The country enjoys access to the sea through a narrow forty-kilometer stretch,
following the Congo River into the Gulf of Guinea. The Congo is situated at the
heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa.
The two
recent conflicts (the First and Second Congo Wars), which began in 1996, have
dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, have increased
external debt, and have resulted in the deaths from war, famine, and disease of
perhaps 3.8 million people. Since 1998, the country has suffered greatly from
the devastating Second Congo War (sometimes referred to as the African World
War, the world's deadliest conflict since World War II. Malnutrition affects
approximately two thirds of the country's population. Conditions improved in
late 2002 with the withdrawal of a large portion of the invading foreign troops.
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea (República de Guinea
Ecuatorial, Spanish pronunciation: is a Spanish-speaking
country located in Central Africa. It is one of the
smallest countries in continental Africa, and comprises
two regions: a Continental Region (Río Muni); and an
Insular Region containing Annobón island, Bioko island
(formerly Fernando Po) where the capital Malabo is
situated, and several offshore islands like Corisco.
Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea
and is situated just north of the equator. Bioko island
is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between
the two islands and to the east is the mainland region.
Equatorial Guinea is bordered by Cameroon on the north,
Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on
the west, where the island nation of São Tomé and
Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. Formerly
the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name
is suggestive of its location near both the equator and
the Gulf of Guinea. It is one of the few territories in
mainland Africa where Spanish is an official language,
besides the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.
Equatorial Guinea is the second smallest country in
continental Africa in terms of population. (Seychelles,
The Gambia, Rwanda, Burundi, Cape Verde, Comoros,
Swaziland, and São Tomé and Príncipe are smaller in
terms of area, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
has a smaller population but is disputed.) It is also
the smallest United Nations member from continental
Africa. The discovery of sizeable petroleum reserves in
recent years is altering the economic and political
status of the country.
Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea's
territory lies on the equator.
Pre-independence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa
production for hard currency earnings. It had the
highest per capita income of Africa in 1959.
The discovery of large oil reserves in 1996 and its
subsequent exploitation have contributed to a dramatic
increase in government revenue. As of 2004, Equatorial
Guinea is the third-largest oil producer in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Its oil production has risen to 360,000
barrels/day, up from 220,000 only two years earlier.
Forestry, farming, and fishing are also major components
of GDP. Subsistence farming predominates. The
deterioration of the rural economy under successive
brutal regimes has diminished any potential for
agriculture-led growth.
Despite a per capita GDP (PPP) of more than US$30,000
(CIA Factbook $12,900) which is as of 2008 the ninth
highest in the world, Equatorial Guinea ranks 121st out
of 177 countries on the United Nations Human Development
Index.
In July 2004, the United States Senate published an
investigation into Riggs Bank, a Washington-based bank
into which most of Equatorial Guinea's oil revenues were
paid until recently, and which also banked for Chile's
Augusto Pinochet. The Senate report, as to Equatorial
Guinea, showed that at least $35 million were siphoned
off by Obiang, his family and senior officials of his
regime. The president has denied any wrongdoing. While
Riggs Bank in February 2005 paid $9 million as
restitution for its banking for Chile's Augusto
Pinochet, no restitution was made with regard to
Equatorial Guinea, as reported in detail in an
Anti-Money Laundering Report from Inner City Press.
On August 9, 2006, Harper's Magazine published an
article by Ken Silverstein highlighting Obiang's recent
connections with the US State Department and
Independence Federal Savings Bank.
While Equatorial Guinea is currently one of the largest
producers of oil in Africa, few improvements have been
made to the living conditions of the people and most
live in poverty.
Ethiopia, officially the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country situated in the Horn of
Africa. It is the 2nd-most populous nation in Africa, bordered by Eritrea to the
north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and
Sudan to the west. Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the
second-oldest official Christian nation in the world after Armenia. Unique among
African countries, Ethiopia was never colonized.
Agriculture accounts for
almost 41 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), 80 percent of exports,
and 80 percent of the labor force. Many other economic activities depend on
agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural
products. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part
of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector.
Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals,
potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Exports are almost entirely agricultural
commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia's
livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and as of 1987
accounted for about 15 percent of the GDP.
Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country in
west central Africa. It borders on Equatorial Guinea,
Cameroon, Republic of the Congo and the Gulf of Guinea.
Gabon introduced a multiparty system and a new
democratic constitution in the early 1990s that allowed
for a more transparent electoral process and for reforms
of governmental institutions. A small population,
abundant natural resources, and foreign private
investment have helped make Gabon one of the most
prosperous countries in the region.
During the 1990s, devaluation of the CFA franc left
Gabon struggling to pay its overseas debt; France and
the IMF have provided further loans and aid in exchange
for the implementation of changes to the economy. More
than 10,000 French people live in Gabon, and France
predominates foreign cultural and commercial influences.
It is one of the least-densely inhabited countries in
Africa, and a labor shortage is a major obstacle to
development and a draw for foreign workers. The
population is generally accepted to be just over 1
million but remains in dispute.
Gabon is located on the Atlantic
coast of central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon
has an equatorial climate with an extensive system of
rainforests covering 85% of the country. There are three
distinct regions: the coastal plains (ranging between 20
to 300 km from the ocean's shore), the mountains (the
Cristal Mountains to the northeast of Libreville, the
Chaillu Massif in the centre, culminating at 1575 m with
Mont Iboundji), and the savanna in the east. Gabon's
largest river is the Ogooué which is 1200 km long. Gabon
has three karst areas where there are hundreds of caves
located in the dolomite and limestone rocks. Some of the
caves include Grotte du Lastoursville, Grotte du Lebamba,
Grotte du Bongolo, and Grotte du Kessipougou. Many caves
have not been explored yet. A National Geographic
Expedition is heading to the caves in the summer of 2008
to document them. Gabon is also noted for efforts to
preserve the natural environment. In 2002, President
Omar Bongo Ondimba put Gabon firmly on the map as an
important future ecotourism destination by nominating
more than 11% of the nation's territory as National Park
(13 in total), which may be the largest area of nature
parks in the world. Natural resources include:
petroleum, magnesium, iron, gold, uranium, and forests.
Gabon is more prosperous than most nearby countries,
with a per capita income of four times the average for
Sub-Saharan Africa. This is in large part due to
offshore oil production. Critics note that the income
was not invested in modernizing or diversifying the
economy and Gabon remains heavily reliant on its natural
resources. Gabon was a full member of OPEC from 1975 to
1995. It is an exporter of manganese, iron, and wood.
Uranium mines near Franceville were shut down in 2001
with the arrival of new competition on the global market
and there is work in progress to re-open them. Plans to
exploit rich iron deposits north-east of Makokou are
foreseen to begin in 2012.
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a
country in Western Africa. It is the smallest country on
the African continental mainland and is bordered to the
north, east, and south by Senegal, and the Atlantic
Ocean in the west. The Gambia is a very small and narrow
country whose borders mirror the meandering Gambia
River. The country is less than 48km wide, with a total
area of 11,300 km².
The Gambia has a liberal, market-based economy
characterized by traditional subsistence agriculture, a
historic reliance on groundnuts (peanuts) for export
earnings, a re-export trade built up around its ocean
port, low import duties, minimal administrative
procedures, a fluctuating exchange rate with no exchange
controls, and a significant tourism industry.
Agriculture accounts for roughly 30% of gross domestic
product (GDP) and employs about 70% of the labor force.
Within agriculture, peanut production accounts for 6.9%
of GDP, other crops 8.3%, livestock 5.3%, fishing 1.8%,
and forestry 0.5%. Industry accounts for approximately
8% of GDP and services approximately 58%. The limited
amount of manufacturing is primarily agricultural-based
(e.g., peanut processing, bakeries, a brewery, and a
tannery). Other manufacturing activities include soap,
soft drinks, and clothing
Previously, the U.K. and other EU countries constituted
The Gambia's major domestic export markets. However, in
recent years Senegal, the United States, and Japan have
gained fair proportions of Gambian exports. In Africa,
Senegal represented the biggest trade partner of The
Gambia in 2007, which is a defining contrast to previous
years that saw Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally
important trade partners. Globally, Denmark, the United
States, and China have become important source countries
for Gambian imports. The U.K., Germany, Cote d'Ivoire,
and Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian
imports. Gambia's trade deficit for 2007 was $331
million.
Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea, is a country in
West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea. The
country's current population is estimated at 10,211,437
(CIA 2008 estimate). Guinea's territory has a curved
shape, with its base at the Atlantic Ocean, inland to
the east, and turning south. The base borders
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, and Mali to the
north and north-east; the inland part borders Côte
d'Ivoire to the south-east, Liberia to the south, and
Sierra Leone to the west of the southern tip. Its water
sources include the Niger, Senegal, and Gambia rivers.
Conakry is the capital, seat of the national government
and largest city.
Richly endowed with minerals, Guinea possesses over 25
billion metric tons (MT) of bauxite – and perhaps up to
one-half of the world's reserves. In addition, Guinea's
mineral wealth includes more than 4-billion tons of
high-grade iron ore, significant diamond and gold
deposits, and undetermined quantities of uranium. Guinea
has considerable potential for growth in the
agricultural and fishing sectors. Soil, water, and
climatic conditions provide opportunities for
large-scale irrigated farming and agro industry.
Possibilities for investment and commercial activities
exist in all these areas, but Guinea's poorly developed
infrastructure and rampant corruption continue to
present obstacles to large-scale investment projects.
Diamonds and gold also are mined and exported on a large
scale. AREDOR, a joint diamond-mining venture between
the Guinean Government (50%) and an Australian, British,
and Swiss consortium, began production in 1984 and mined
diamonds that are 90% gem quality. Production stopped
from 1993 until 1996, when First City Mining of Canada
purchased the international portion of the consortium.
By far, most diamonds are mined artisanally. The largest
gold mining operation in Guinea is a joint venture
between the government and Ashanti Gold Fields of Ghana.
SMD also has a large gold mining facility in Lero near
the Malian border. Other concession agreements have been
signed for iron ore, but these projects are still
awaiting preliminary exploration and financing results.
Even though there are many problems plaguing Guinea's
economy, not all foreign investors are reluctant to come
to Guinea. Global Alumina's proposed alumina refinery
has a price tag above $2 billion. Alcoa and Alcan are
proposing a slightly smaller refinery worth about $1.5
billion. Taken together, they represent the largest
private investment in sub-Saharan Africa since the
Chad-Cameroun oil pipeline. Also, an American oil
company, Hyperdynamics, has recently signed an agreement
to develop Guinea's offshore oil deposits.
The west coast of Africa is now ripe for oil
development, and Guinea is actively being courted in
this endeavor. Hyperdynamics and Guinea signed a psa in
2006, and have been diligently bringing oil exploration
into the final stages. It is thought by many of the
large oil companies that the west coast of Africa, which
Guinea centers, might be able to supply the United
States with near thirty percent of oil within ten
years.[citation needed]
Guinea has many abundant natural resources along with
25% of the world's known reserves of bauxite. Guinea
also has diamonds, gold, and other types of metal. The
country has great potential for hydroelectric power.
Bauxite and alumina are currently the only major
exports. Guinea hopes to increase the mining of other
resources. Other industries include processing plants
for beer, juices, soft drinks, and tobacco. Agriculture
employs 80% of the nation's labor force. Under French
rule, and at the beginning of independence, Guinea was a
major exporter of bananas, pineapples, coffee, peanuts,
and palm oil.
The population of Guinea comprises about 24 ethnic
groups. The three largest and most dominant are the
Fulani (also known as Fula), comprising 40% of the
population. They are mostly found in the Futa Jallon
Region. The Mandinka (Also known as Mandingo),
comprising 30% of the population, are mostly found in
eastern Guinea and are concentrated around the Kankan
and Kissidougou Prefectures. The Soussou, comprising
20%, are predominantly in areas around the capital
Conakry, Forécariah, and Kindia. Smaller ethnic groups
make up the remaining 10% of the population.
The first cases of HIV/AIDS in Guinea were reported in
1986. Though levels of AIDS in Guinea are significantly
lower than in a number of other African countries, as of
2005, Guinea was considered by the World Health
Organization to face a generalized epidemic. An
estimated 170 000 adults and children were living with
HIV/AIDS at the end of 2004. The spread of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in Guinea was attributed to factors such as
proximity to high-prevalence countries, a large refugee
population, internal displacement and sub-regional
instability.
India, officially The Republic of India, is a
country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country
by geographical area, the second most populous country,
and the largest liberal democracy in the world. India
has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometers and
borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan
to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the
east. In the Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to the island
nations of Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia.
Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, a centre of
important trade routes and vast empires, India has long
played a major role in human history. India has also
been one of the cradles of Human Civilizations.
Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism all have their
origins in India, while Islam and Christianity enjoy a
strong cultural heritage having arrived through trade
even before foreign invasions, and having reached the
subcontinent before European acquisition of the
religions. Colonized as part of the British Empire in
the nineteenth century, India gained independence in
1947 as a unified nation after an intense struggle for
independence. The country's population, wildlife,
geographical terrain and climate system are among the
most diverse in the world.
The Republic of Kenya is a
country in Eastern Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to
the east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and Sudan to the northwest,
with the Indian Ocean running along the southeast border. Kenya is a diverse
country, with many different cultures represented. Notable cultures include the
Swahili on the coast, pastoralist communities in the north, and several
different communities in the central and western regions. Today, the Maasai
culture is the best known, due to its heavy exposure from tourism although it's
only a minor tribe.
Kenya enjoys a tropical
climate. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland and very dry in the
north and northeast parts of the country. The country receives a great deal of
sunshine all the year round and summer clothes are worn throughout the year.
However, it is usually cool at night and early in the morning. The long rain
season occurs from April to June. The short rain season occurs from October to
December. The hottest period is from February to March and coldest in July to
August. The annual migration occurs between June and September with millions of
wildlife taking part. It has been a popular event for filmmakers to capture.
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a
country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra
Leone, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire. Liberia, which means
"Land of the Free", was founded as an independent nation
by free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans.
Recently it has witnessed two civil wars, the Liberian
Civil War (1989–1996), and the Second Liberian Civil War
(1999–2003), that have displaced hundreds of thousands
and destroyed its economy.
Liberia is situated in Western Africa, bordering
the North Atlantic Ocean. The landscape is characterized
by mostly flat to rolling coastal plains, which rise to
rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast. The
climate is hot and humid with a lot of rain fall.
Winters are dry with hot days and cool to cold nights.
Summers are wet and cloudy with frequent heavy showers.
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the largest
country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.
The country is bordered by the People's Republic of
China on the northeast, Laos on the east, Thailand on
the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, India on the
northwest, the Bay of Bengal to the southwest with the
Gulf of Martaban and Andaman Sea defining its southern
periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930
kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
Burma's diverse population has played a major role in
defining its politics, history and demographics in
modern times, and the country continues to struggle to
mend its ethnic tensions. Its political system remains
under the tight control of the SPDC, the military-led
government, led since 1992 by Senior General Than Shwe.
The military has dominated government since General Ne
Win led a coup in 1962 that toppled the civilian
government of U Nu. The country's culture, heavily
influenced by neighbours, is based on Theravada Buddhism
intertwined with local elements.
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia,
with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (200
in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta
region is approximately 2,500 mm (100 in) , while
average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone, which is
located in central Burma, is less than 1,000 mm (40 in).
Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with
average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta
regions have mean temperatures of 32 °C (90 °F).
The country's slow economic growth has contributed to
the preservation of much of its environment and
ecosystems. Forests, including dense tropical growth and
valuable teak in lower Burma, cover over 49% of the
country. Other trees indigenous to the region include
acacia, bamboo, ironwood, mangrove, michelia champaca
coconut and betel palm, and rubber has been introduced.
In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various
rhododendrons cover much of the land. The lands along
the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits. In
the Dry Zone, vegetation is sparse and stunted.
Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and
leopards, are common in Burma. In upper Burma, there are
rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope and
elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for
use as work animals, particularly in the lumber
industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging
from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The
abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species,
including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons and
paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles,
geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons and turtles. Hundreds of
species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful
and are very important food sources.
Cyclone Nargis
On May 3, 2008, Cyclone Nargis devastated the country
when winds of up to 215 km/h (135 mph)[50] touched land
in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the
Irrawaddy Division.
Recent reports estimate that more than 130,000 people
are dead or missing from Cyclone Nargis that hit the
country's Irrawaddy delta. Damage totaled to 10 billion
dollars (USD); it was the worst natural disaster in
Burmese history. Shari Villarosa, who leads the U.S.
Embassy in Yangon, said the number of dead could
eventually exceed 140,800 because of illnesses and
injury.[52][53] Adds the World Food Programme, "Some
villages have been almost totally eradicated and vast
rice-growing areas are wiped out."
The United Nations projects that as many as 1 million
were left homeless; and the World Health Organization
"has received reports of malaria outbreaks in the
worst-affected area." Yet in the critical days following
this disaster, Burma's isolationist regime complicated
recovery efforts by delaying the entry of United Nations
planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies
into the Southeast Asian nation. Similarly, the junta
continues to reject the United States offer to provide
much-needed assistance, although on May 13, the first
U.S. military transport plane was allowed to land,
bringing 14 tons of medical supplies, mosquito nets and
blankets. The government's failure to permit entry for
large-scale international relief efforts was described
by the United Nations as "unprecedented." The Burmese
Foreign Ministry stressed its capability in handling the
aftermath of the cyclone and insisted that it was not
ready to accept large-scale foreign assistance.
AP news stories state that foreign aid provided to
disaster victims was modified to make it look like it
came from the military regime, and state-run television
continuously ran images of Gen. Than Shwe ceremonially
handing out disaster relief.
Today, the country lacks adequate infrastructure. Goods
travel primarily across the Thai border, where most
illegal drugs are exported and along the Ayeyarwady
River. Railroads are old and rudimentary, with few
repairs since their construction in the late nineteenth
century. Highways are normally unpaved, except in the
major cities. Energy shortages are common throughout the
country including in Yangon. Burma is also the world's
second largest producer of opium, accounting for 8% of
entire world production and is a major source of illegal
drugs, including amphetamines. Other industries include
agricultural goods, textiles, wood products,
construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural
gas.
The major agricultural product is rice which covers
about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area.
Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by
weight. Through collaboration with the International
Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 52 modern rice varieties
were released in the country between 1966 and 1997,
helping increase national rice production to 14 million
tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988,
modern varieties were planted on half of the country's
ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas.
The lack of an educated workforce skilled in modern
technology contributes to the growing problems of the
economy.
Inflation is a serious problem for the economy. In April
2007, the National League for Democracy organized a
two-day workshop on the economy. The workshop concluded
that skyrocketing inflation was impeding economic
growth. "Basic commodity prices have increased from 30
to 60 percent since the military regime promoted a
salary increase for government workers in April 2006,"
said Soe Win, the moderator of the workshop. "Inflation
is also correlated with corruption." Myint Thein, an NLD
spokesperson, added: "Inflation is the critical source
of the current economic crisis."[138] The corruption
watchdog organization Transparency International in its
2007 Corruption Perceptions Index released on September
26, 2007 ranked Burma the most corrupt country in the
world, tied with Somalia.
The Union of Myanmar's rulers depend on sales of
precious stones such as sapphires, pearls and jade to
fund their regime. Rubies are the biggest earner; 90% of
the world's rubies come from the country, whose red
stones are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand
buys the majority of the country's gems. Burma's "Valley
of Rubies", the mountainous Mogok area, 200 km (125
miles) north of Mandalay, is noted for its rare pigeon's
blood rubies and blue sapphires.
Nigeria, officially the
Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa and the most populous
country on the African continent. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic
of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north, and
borders the Gulf of Guinea in the south. Since 1991, its capital has been the
centrally-located city of Abuja; previously, the Nigerian government was
headquartered in Lagos.
With its economy and
infrastructure devastated by years of military rule, corruption, and
mismanagement, Nigeria is now reforming and rebuilding itself to be a modern,
prosperous nation. It is taking advantage of its position as sub-Saharan
Africa's most populous country to push for a more prominent role in African and
international politics. Such examples are its chairmanship of ECOWAS and the
deployment of peace keeping troops to Liberia and Sierra Leone, and the African
Union with troop deployments to the Sudan. Nigeria is a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations.
Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a
small country in the Great Lakes region of east-central
Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million. It
is bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo and Tanzania. Its fertile and hilly
terrain, which gives it the title "Land of a Thousand
Hills." Rwanda supports the densest populations in
continental Africa. It is best known to the outside
world for the 1994 Rwandan genocide that resulted in the
deaths of up to one million people.
It is landlocked with few natural resources and
minimal industry. Primary exports are coffee and tea,
flowers and in recent years, minerals. High dependence
on subsistence agriculture, high (and increasing)
population density, decreasing soil fertility and
uncertain climate make Rwanda a country where chronic
malnutrition is widespread and poverty endemic.
According to the World Food Program, it is estimated
that 60% of the population live below the poverty line
and 10-12% of the population suffer from food insecurity
every year.
Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa,
between the 7th and 10th parallels north of the equator.
Sierra Leone is bordered by Guinea to the north and
northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the
Atlantic Ocean to the west. The country has a total area
of 71,740 square kilometers (27,699 square miles),
divided into a land area of 71,620 square kilometers and
water of 120 square kilometers. There are country has
four distinct geographical regions. In eastern Sierra
Leone is an interior region of large plateaus
interspersed with high mountains, where Mount Bintumani
reaches 1,948 meters (6,390 ft) the highest point in the
country. The upper part of the drainage basin of the Moa
River is located in the south of the region. In the
central part of the country is region of lowland plains,
containing forests, bush and farmland, that occupy about
43% of Sierra Leone's land area. Starting in the west,
Sierra Leone has some 400 kilometres (250 miles) of
coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and
attractive tourist potential. This is followed by
low-lying mangrove swamps, rain-forested plains and
farmland. The national capital Freetown sits on a
coastal peninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone
Harbor, the world's third largest natural harbour. This
prime location historically made Sierra Leone the centre
of trade and colonial administration in the region.
The 2008 CIA estimate of Sierra Leone's population is
6,294,774. Freetown, with an estimated population of
1,070,200, is the capital, largest city and the hub of
the economy, commercial, educational and cultural centre
of the country. Bo is the second city with an estimated
population of 269,000. Other cities with a population
over 100,000 are Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni.
Although English is the official language spoken at
schools, government administration and by the media,
Krio (language derived from English and several African
languages and native to the Sierra Leone Krio people) is
the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts
of Sierra Leone. The Krio language is spoken by 98% of
the country's population and unites all the different
ethnic groups, especially in their trade and interaction
with each other.
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by
the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Sierra
Leone had a population of 8,700 refugees and asylum
seekers at the end of 2007. Nearly 20,000 Liberian
refugees voluntarily returned to Liberia over the course
of 2007. Of the refugees remaining in Sierra Leone,
nearly all were Liberian.
Sierra Leone is slowly emerging from a protracted civil
war and is showing signs of a successful transition.
Investor and consumer confidence continue to rise,
adding impetus to the country’s economic recovery. There
is greater freedom of movement and the successful
re-habitation and resettlement of residential areas.
Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on mining,
especially diamonds, for its economic base. It is
perhaps best known for its blood diamonds that are mined
and sold for high prices. In the 1970s and early 1980s,
economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the
mining sector and increasing corruption among government
officials. By the 1990s economic activity was declining
and economic infrastructure had become seriously
degraded. Over the next decade much of the formal
economy was destroyed in the country’s civil war. Since
the end of hostilities in January 2002, massive
infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone
begin to recover. Much of the recovery will depend on
the success of the government's efforts to limit
corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief
cause for the civil war. A key indicator of success will
be the effectiveness of government management of its
diamond sector.
The Republic of South Africa (also known by other
official names) is a country located at the southern tip
of the continent of Africa. The South African coast
stretches 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) and borders both
the Atlantic and Indian oceans. To the north of South
Africa lie Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and
Swaziland, while the Kingdom of Lesotho is an
independent enclave surrounded by South African
territory.
South Africa is known for its diversity, and eleven
official languages are recognized in its constitution.
English is the most commonly spoken language in official
and commercial public life, however it is only the fifth
most spoken home language. South Africa is ethnically
diverse, with the largest Caucasian, Indian, and
racially mixed communities in Africa. Although 79.6% of
the South African population is Black, this category is
neither culturally nor linguistically homogenous, as
people within this classification speak a number of
different Bantu languages, nine of which have official
status. Midyear 2007, the South African population was
estimated at 47.9 million.
Even though South Africa has the seventh highest per
capita income in Africa, only behind Libya, Mauritius it
suffers from large income gaps and a dual economy
marking it as a developing country. South Africa has one
of the highest rates of income inequality in the world.
A decade of continual economic growth has helped to
lower unemployment, but daunting economic and social
problems remain. The average South African household
income decreased considerably between 1995 and 2000. As
for racial inequality, Statistics South Africa reported
that in 1995 the average white household earned four
times as much as the average black household. In 2000
the average white household was earning six times more
than the average black household. The affirmative action
policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and
an emerging black middle class. Other problems are
crime, corruption, and HIV/AIDS.
After unsuccessful attempts by the government to
encourage private construction of electricity generation
capacity, in 2007 the state-owned electricity supplier
(Eskom) started experiencing a lack of capacity in the
electrical generating and reticulation infrastructure.
This led to an inability to meet the routine demands of
industry and consumers, resulting in countrywide rolling
blackouts. Initially the lack of capacity was triggered
by a failure at Koeberg nuclear power station, but since
then a general lack of capacity became evident. The
supplier has been widely criticized for failing to
adequately plan for and construct sufficient electrical
generating capacity, although ultimately the government
has admitted that it is at fault for refusing to approve
funding for investment in infrastructure.
South Africa has a large agricultural sector and is a
net exporter of farming products. There are almost a
thousand agricultural cooperatives and agribusinesses
throughout the country, and agricultural exports have
constituted 8% of South African total exports for the
past five years. The agricultural industry contributes
around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared
to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for
casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for
the nation. However, due to the aridity of the land,
only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3%
is considered high potential land.
Although the commercial farming sector is relatively
well developed, people in some rural areas still survive
on subsistence agriculture. It is the eighth largest
wine producer in the world, and the eleventh largest
producer of sunflower seed. South Africa is a net
exporter of agricultural products and foodstuffs, the
largest number of exported items being sugar, grapes,
citrus, nectarines, wine and deciduous fruit. The
largest locally produced crop is maize (corn), and it
has been estimated that 9 million tons are produced
every year, with 7.4 million tons being consumed.
Livestock are also popular on South African farms, with
the country producing 85% of all meat consumed. The
dairy industry consists of around 4,300 milk producers
providing employment for 60,000 farm workers and
contributing to the livelihoods of around 40,000 others.
The Sudan (officially the Republic of the Sudan or
Republic of Sudan) is the largest country by area in
Africa, situated in Northern Africa, also the largest
Arab country. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the
Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the
east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic
to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the
northwest. It is the tenth largest country in the world
by area. Sudan has turned around a struggling economy
with sound economic policies and infrastructure
investments, but it still faces formidable economic
problems as it must rise from a very low level of per
capita output. Since 1997 Sudan has been implementing
the macroeconomic reforms recommended by the IMF.
Agriculture production remains Sudan's most
important sector, employing 80% of the work force and
contributing 39% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed
and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability —
including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim
north and the Christian/animist south, adverse weather,
and weak world agricultural prices — ensure that much of
the population will remain at or below the poverty line
for years.
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of
Tanzania, is a country on the east coast of Africa. It
is bordered by Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda,
Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the
west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on the south. To
the east it borders the Indian Ocean. The country is
named after Tanganyika, its mainland part, and the
Zanzibar islands off its east coast. The country has
been a member of the Commonwealth since gaining
independence in 1961. In 1964, Tanganyika united with
Zanzibar, forming the United Republic of Tanganyika and
Zanzibar, later renamed to the United Republic of
Tanzania. In 1996, Tanzania's capital was officially
moved from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma, although many
government offices still remain in the old capital.
Tanzania is the world's 31st-largest country (after
Egypt). It is comparable in size to Nigeria, and is
about half the size of Alaska. Tanzania is mountainous
in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's
highest peak, is situated. To the north and west are the
Great Lakes of Lake Victoria (Africa's largest lake) and
Lake Tanganyika. Central Tanzania comprises a large
plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore
is hot and humid, with the island of Zanzibar lying just
offshore.
Tanzania contains many large and ecologically
significant wildlife parks, including the famous
Serengeti National Park in the north.
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a narrow
country in West Africa bordering Ghana to the west,
Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The
country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which
the capital Lomé is located. The official language is
French; however, there are many other languages spoken
in Togo as well.
Togo has a population of more than 6,100,000 people,
which is dependent mainly on agriculture. The weather is
mild and makes for good growing seasons. Togo is a
sub-tropical, sub-Saharan nation.
Togo's small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on
both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which
provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cotton,
coffee, and cocoa together generate about 30% of export
earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic food goods
when harvests are normal, with occasional regional
supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate
mining is no longer the most important activity, as
cement and clinker export to neighbouring countries have
taken over. It has suffered from the collapse of world
phosphate prices, increased foreign competition and
financial problems. Togo's GNI per capita is US$380
(World Bank, 2005).
Phosphate mining by SNPT company.Togo serves as a
regional commercial and trade center. The government's
decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the
IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage
foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with
expenditures, has stalled. Political unrest, including
private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and
1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax
base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12
January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided
an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment;
these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in
1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress
depends on increased openness in government financial
operations (to accommodate increased social service
outlays) and possible downsizing of the military, on
which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of
aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1%
fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999.
Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere,
growth is expected to rise.
With an estimated population of 6,300,000 (as of 2006),
Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of
the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to
agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a
strong growth: from 1961 (the year after independence)
to 2003 it quintupled.
In Togo there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the
most numerous are the Ewe in the south (46%), Kabyé in
the north (22%). Another classification lists Uaci or
Ouatchis (14%) as a separate ethnic group from the Ewe
which brings the proportion of Ewe down to (32%).
However, there are no historic and ethnic facts that
justify the separation between Ewes and Ouatchis. On the
contrary, the term Ouatchi relates to a subgroup of Ewes
which migrated south during the 16th century from Notse
the ancient Ewe Kingdom capital. This classification is
inaccurate and has been contested for being politically
biased; Mina, Mossi, and Aja (about 8%) are the
remainder; and under 1% are European expatriates live in
Togo as diplomats and for economic reasons.
About half the population adheres to indigenous, animist
beliefs.[4] Christianity is the second largest religious
group, to which 29% of the country's population belong.
The remaining 21% of Togolese follow Islam.
Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, with
a tropical climate and consists mostly of high plateau,
with some hills and mountains, dissected by river
valleys. At 752,614 km² (290,566 sq. mi.) it is the
39th-largest country in the world (after Chile) and
slightly larger than the US state of Texas. Zambia is
drained by two major river basins: the Zambezi basin in
the south covering about three-quarters of the country;
and the Congo basin in the north covering about
one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the
north-west forms part of the internal drainage basin of
Lake Rukwa in Tanzania.
In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers
flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo,
Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself,
which flows through the country in the west and then
forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and
Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into
Angola, and a number of its tributaries arise in
Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River
floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's
south-western border, and via the Chobe River that river
contributes very little water to the Zambezi because
most is lost by evaporation).
About 68% of Zambians live below the recognized national
poverty line,[14] with rural poverty rates standing at
about 78% and urban rates of 53%. Per capita annual
incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at
independence and, at $395, place the country among the
world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to
decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy
at birth (about 40.9 years) and maternal mortality (830
per 100,000 pregnancies). The country's rate of economic
growth cannot support rapid population growth or the
strain which HIV/AIDS related issues (i.e. rising
medical costs, decline in worker productivity) place on
government resources.
Once a middle-income country, Zambia began to slide into
poverty in the 1970s when copper prices declined on
world markets. The socialist government made up for
falling revenue with several abortive attempts at
International Monetary Fund structural adjustment
programmes (SAPs), which ended after popular outcries
from the people. After democratic multi-party elections,
the Chiluba government (1991-2001) came to power in
November 1991 committed to an economic reform programme.
The government privatised most of the parastatals
(state-owned corporations), maintained positive real
interest rates, eliminated exchange controls, and
endorsed free market principles. Corruption grew
dramatically under the Chiluba government. It remains to
be seen whether the Mwanawasa government will be
aggressive in continuing economic reform. Zambia is
still dealing with economic reform issues such as the
size of the public sector and improving Zambia's social
sector delivery systems. NGOs and other groups have
contended that the SAPs, in Zambia and other countries,
have had very detrimental effects on the poor.
Zambia is officially a Christian nation, but a wide
variety of religious traditions exist. Traditional
religious thought blends easily with Christian beliefs
in many of the country's syncretic churches. Christian
denominations include: Roman Catholic, Anglican,
Pentecostal, New Apostolic Church, Lutheran, Seventh-day
Adventist, Jehovah's Witnesses and a variety of
Evangelical denominations. These grew, adjusted and
prospered from the original missionary settlements
(Portuguese and Catholicism in the east from Mozambique)
and Anglicanism (English and Scottish influences) from
the south. Except for some technical positions (e.g.
physicians), western missionary roles have been assumed
by native believers. After Frederick Chiluba (a
Pentecostal Christian) became President in 1991,
Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around
the country.
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and
formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia and
Zimbabwe Rhodesia, is a landlocked country, located in
the southern part of the continent of Africa, between
the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South
Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia
to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east. The
official language of Zimbabwe is English. However, the
majority of the population speaks Shona, which is the
native language of the Shona people, a Bantu language;
the country's other native language is Sindebele, which
is spoken by the Matabele people.
Zimbabwe is currently experiencing a hard currency
shortage, which has led to hyperinflation and chronic
shortages in imported fuel and consumer goods. President
Mugabe's critics blame his program of land reform.
However, Mugabe claims that massive financial isolation
through American, British, and European Union
legislation such as the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic
Recovery Act of 2001 is the actual cause of
hyperinflation. Under ZDERA, the United States is
prohibited from supporting any efforts by the
International Monetary Fund and other financial
institutions to extend loans, credit or debt
cancellation to the Zimbabwean government.
Zimbabwe's current economic and food crisis, described
by some observers as the country's worst humanitarian
crisis since independence, has been attributed, in
varying degrees, to government economic mismanagement,
government prohibitions on relief efforts from foreign
non-governmental organizations, a drought affecting the
entire region, and the HIV/AIDS
The government of Zimbabwe faces a variety of economic
problems after having abandoned earlier efforts to
develop a market-oriented economy. Problems include a
shortage of foreign exchange, soaring inflation, and
supply shortages. Zimbabwe's involvement from 1998 to
2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the
economy.
Mineral exports, agriculture, and tourism are the main
foreign currency earners of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is the
biggest trading partner of South Africa on the
continent. The downward spiral of the economy has been
attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption of the
Mugabe regime and the eviction of more than 4,000 white
farmers in the controversial land redistribution of
2000. Since this land redistribution began, agricultural
exports, especially tobacco, have declined sharply. The
Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in
June 2007, estimating 60% of Zimbabwe's wildlife has
died since 2000. The report warns that the loss of life
combined with widespread deforestation is potentially
disastrous for the tourist industry.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to an
official estimated high of 231,000,000% in July 2008
according to the country's Central Statistical Office, a
state of hyperinflation, and the central bank introduced
a new 100 billion dollar note. Local residents have
largely resorted to buying essentials from neighboring
Botswana, South Africa and Zambia. IMF economists
estimated inflation at about 150,000% in Dec 2007. As of
November 2008, the latest figures put Zimbabwe's annual
inflation rate at 516 quintillion per cent, with prices
doubling every 1.3 days. Zimbabwe's inflation crisis is
now the second worst inflation spike in history, behind
the hyperinflationary crisis of Hungary in 1946, in
which prices doubled every 15.6 hours.
Zimbabwe has an adult literacy rate of approximately 90%
which is amongst the highest in the world. Since 1995
the adult literacy rate of Zimbabwe has steadily
decreased, a trend shared by other African countries.
Tichadi J Ziwenga
Greater Bibleway Gospel Church
Zengeza 1, Zimbabwe
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